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Adrian Trollor, managing director at the ICPM, said there’s no single definition of TPA in practice and many variants already exist, in an emailed statement to Benefits Canada.

“By looking deeply at TPA models and their components, we were able to identify ‘enablers’ (essential components) and ‘levers’ (variable components). . . . Through this framework, TPA models can be classified along a spectrum from ‘fully integrated’ to ‘partially integrated’ models with hybrid models along this spectrum existing in practice.”

Indeed, Trollor and his team were surprised by just how much variability…