In brief

• The English courts have shown considerable adaptability in responding to the procedural challenges of cryptocurrency fraud. Norwich Pharmacal relief has proved critical in enabling victims to obtain KYC data from exchanges, bridging the gap between traceable on-chain activity and the pseudonymous individuals behind it.
• This adaptability was demonstrated through the introduction of the specific gateway for serving information orders out of the jurisdiction in October 2022. More recently, the Commercial Court’s decision in Williams v Nest Services Limited went further still, permitting service on future persons unknown, reducing procedural duplication and cost.
• Building on these developments, the Law Commission’s 2025…