In crypto, cold storage means that the private keys used to move coins sit on a device or medium with no connection to the internet. Without network access, nobody can steal anything remotely. That is why large exchanges keep most customer holdings cold, and why practically every security guide tells private investors to move larger sums off the exchange and onto a hardware wallet.

The term sounds technical, but the idea is old: cash goes in the vault, not in the till at the counter. Crypto works the same way, except that what is stored is not the coins themselves but the key that controls them. This guide explains how exchanges and investors organise cold storage, what the EU’s MiCA regulation has required since 2024 and where the…